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packing density

French translation: compacité

GLOSSARY ENTRY (DERIVED FROM QUESTION BELOW)
English term or phrase:packing density
French translation:compacité
Entered by: Cyril Tollari

09:34 Nov 10, 2022
English to French translations [PRO]
Tech/Engineering - Engineering (general) / Filter
English term or phrase: packing density
Je suis chargée de relire une traduction. Il s'agit de filtres pour l'industrie automobile.
Voici la phrase où se trouve le terme "packing" qui m'interroge : "In order to ensure highest dust holding capacities, these media are pleated and shaped in the form of a star with a very high packing density."
La traductrice avait choisi "densité de tassement" comme traduction. Le client revient vers nous en donnant pour traduction souhaitée "densité d'emballage". Le terme "emballage" ne convient pas vraiment selon moi, et je me demande si le client n'a pas simplement donné une traduction hors contexte de "packing"...
Quelle serait pour vous la meilleure traduction? Je pensais à "garniture" ou quelque chose dans le genre plutôt.
Merci d'avance !
Julie Tenier
France
Local time: 18:51
compacité
Explanation:
...called packing density or compacity) will generally increase both filtration...
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0040517512449066?ic...


Environ Eng Res > Volume 28(1); 2023 > Article
Research
Environmental Engineering Research 2023; 28(1): 210523.

Published online: January 12, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2021.523

Effect of surface charge density on electret filters charge degradation by organic solvent exposure
Woo Jin Lee1, 2, Han Bin Kim1, Hyeonjin Eom1, Jungho Hwang2, †, Myong-Hwa Lee3, †
1Carbon Neutral Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Republic of Korea

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea

†Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected], Tel: +82-2-2123-2821, Fax: +82-2-312-2821, Tel: +82-33-250-6351, Fax: +82-33-259-5542
Received October 20, 2021 Revised January 05, 2022 Accepted January 06, 2022
Copyright © 2023 Korean Society of Environmental Engineers

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The effect of the surface charge density of an electret filter on its collection efficiency degradation via isopropyl alcohol (IPA) species exposure is discussed in this study. Five electret filters with different electrostatic properties and identical physical properties were prepared and exposed to IPA species. Furthermore, the filtration performance was evaluated. Filters exposed to IPA droplets showed a drastic reduction in the collection efficiency. In addition, the electret filter with a higher surface charge density had a higher tolerance to IPA droplets, that is, the challenged IPA droplet amount that neutralized the electret filter with a high surface charge density (= 5.0 × 10−5 C/m2) was 2.5 times higher than that of an electret filter with a low surface charge density (= 1.9 × 10−5 C/m2). The results of this study revealed that there was a positive relationship between the surface charge density and challenged amount required to neutralize an electret filter.
Keywords: Challenged amount, Charge degradation, Electret filter, Isopropyl alcohol, Surface charge density

1. Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in the daily lifestyles of humans. People are required to wear a face mask when going out, and there are many restrictions on outdoor activities. According to previous studies, people spend more than 90% of their time indoors [1–3], however this time has increased since the outbreak of COVID-19 [4]. This situation has naturally led to improvements in air quality control to maintain human health. Fine particulate matter is introduced to the respiratory tract during breathing and causes various diseases such as asthma, pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer [5–10].
The air purifiers, equipped with electret filters, are generally used to remove particulate matter. Electret filters capture particulate matter effectively because of the strong electrostatic attraction between particles and the charged fiber at low pressure drop [11–18]. In particular, air purifiers are often used in hospitals to provide clean environments for patients. Hand sanitizers and skin disinfectants are frequently used to reduce infection with germs, which contain isopropyl alcohol (IPA), one of the most widely used organic solvents [19, 20]. However, IPA can negatively influence patients because it is highly volatile and can cause a variety of symptoms such as headache, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, and coma [21, 22]. Mar et al. [23] reported that the IPA concentration in the exhaled air of a hospital patient was approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the average person [23]. Furthermore, IPA negatively affects the filtration performance of an electret filter in an air purifier. Kim et al. reported a reduction in collection efficiency in an electrospun meta-aramid filter when exposed to IPA droplets [24]. It is well known that the decrease in collection efficiency is caused by electrostatic charge degradation [24–26].
Many researchers have attempted to elucidate the charge decay mechanism when an electret filtration system undergoes organic solvent exposure [27–29]. Rychkov et al. [27] reported that the charge decay of the electret filter could be attributed to internal charge collapse due to external ion deposition and masking. Biermann et al. [28] found that conductive solvents create conductive pathways around the fibers. Cantaluobe et al. [29] suggested that the charge decay was not the masking phenomenon on the fiber surface caused by the dipoles of the organic solvent, but that the charge collapse occurred because of the movement of the charge itself. Hence, despite various attempts, the charge decay mechanism of the electret filter remains uncertain. However, once charge degradation by IPA exposure occurs (due to the charge movements, or recombination, as suggested by Cantaloube et al. [29]), an electret filter with a high surface charge density may take a longer time to be neutralized than that with a low surface charge density (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Schematic illustration of a charge decay mechanism as suggested by Cantaloube et al. [29]
/upload/thumbnails/eer-2021-523f1.gif
To determine the relationship between the surface charge density and tolerance to an organic solvent, electret filters with different surface charge densities were prepared, and the challenge amount was quantitatively investigated in this study.
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Materials
The filtration performance of an electret filter is highly dependent on its physical structure and electrical properties. The filter thickness and fiber diameter were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-5900, JEOL). The average fiber diameter was obtained by measuring more than 200 fibers using SEM image in Fig. S1. The filter ******packing density*****, *****α***** was determined by the relationship between the mass of a filter, Wf, the density of the fiber, ρf, and the volume of the filter, V, as shown in Eq. (1).
https://www.eeer.org/journal/view.php?number=1372

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/dust-holdin...
A reduction in the fiber diameter increases the fiber surface area but also proportionately increases the pressure drop. Selection of the fiber size and control of the packing density are two critical factors for meeting the requirements of the FE, the dust holding capacity (DHC), and the pressure drop of filter media.

http://pierrecolin.gervais.free.fr/Talks/F1.pdf
gamme de compacié et d'epaisseur de filtres diférentes
Avec Yi la fraction massique de fibre de diamètre di. *****α*****, *****la compacité**** et Z l'épaisseur.

la performance des systèmes munis de filtres HEPA dépendrait de divers facteurs, tels que :
la nature de la couche filtrante (composition, porosité, maillage, épaisseur, compacité, résistance mécanique et chimique);
https://www.inspq.qc.ca/sites/default/files/publications/254...

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 hrs (2022-11-10 13:30:49 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

Désolé pour l'extrait du 2e lien : aller directement à la partie où l'on a ******packing density*****

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 4 hrs (2022-11-10 14:03:58 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

α = alpha.
Selected response from:

Cyril Tollari
France
Local time: 18:51
Grading comment
4 KudoZ points were awarded for this answer



Summary of answers provided
4 +1densité de remplissage
Marielle Akamatsu
4 +1compacité
Cyril Tollari
5 -1densité de tassement
Johannes Gleim


Discussion entries: 6





  

Answers


52 mins   confidence: Answerer confidence 4/5Answerer confidence 4/5 peer agreement (net): +1
densité de remplissage


Explanation:
Suggestion
cf.
https://gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=17032326
https://www.camfil.com/product/documents/dam/47772/Documenta...
https://www.parker.com/Literature/Hiross Zander Division/PDF...

Marielle Akamatsu
France
Local time: 18:51
Specializes in field
Native speaker of: Native in FrenchFrench
PRO pts in category: 102
Notes to answerer
Asker: Merci Marielle ! "Densité de remplissage" me semble bien correspondre au terme anglais. Je trouve la proposition de Cyril également très bonne. Qu'en dites-vous ?


Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  Daryo: makes sense - can't think of anything better.
2 hrs
  -> Merci !
Login to enter a peer comment (or grade)

3 hrs   confidence: Answerer confidence 4/5Answerer confidence 4/5 peer agreement (net): +1
compacité


Explanation:
...called packing density or compacity) will generally increase both filtration...
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0040517512449066?ic...


Environ Eng Res > Volume 28(1); 2023 > Article
Research
Environmental Engineering Research 2023; 28(1): 210523.

Published online: January 12, 2022

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2021.523

Effect of surface charge density on electret filters charge degradation by organic solvent exposure
Woo Jin Lee1, 2, Han Bin Kim1, Hyeonjin Eom1, Jungho Hwang2, †, Myong-Hwa Lee3, †
1Carbon Neutral Technology R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Republic of Korea

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea

3Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea

†Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected], Tel: +82-2-2123-2821, Fax: +82-2-312-2821, Tel: +82-33-250-6351, Fax: +82-33-259-5542
Received October 20, 2021 Revised January 05, 2022 Accepted January 06, 2022
Copyright © 2023 Korean Society of Environmental Engineers

(open-access):

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The effect of the surface charge density of an electret filter on its collection efficiency degradation via isopropyl alcohol (IPA) species exposure is discussed in this study. Five electret filters with different electrostatic properties and identical physical properties were prepared and exposed to IPA species. Furthermore, the filtration performance was evaluated. Filters exposed to IPA droplets showed a drastic reduction in the collection efficiency. In addition, the electret filter with a higher surface charge density had a higher tolerance to IPA droplets, that is, the challenged IPA droplet amount that neutralized the electret filter with a high surface charge density (= 5.0 × 10−5 C/m2) was 2.5 times higher than that of an electret filter with a low surface charge density (= 1.9 × 10−5 C/m2). The results of this study revealed that there was a positive relationship between the surface charge density and challenged amount required to neutralize an electret filter.
Keywords: Challenged amount, Charge degradation, Electret filter, Isopropyl alcohol, Surface charge density

1. Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant changes in the daily lifestyles of humans. People are required to wear a face mask when going out, and there are many restrictions on outdoor activities. According to previous studies, people spend more than 90% of their time indoors [1–3], however this time has increased since the outbreak of COVID-19 [4]. This situation has naturally led to improvements in air quality control to maintain human health. Fine particulate matter is introduced to the respiratory tract during breathing and causes various diseases such as asthma, pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer [5–10].
The air purifiers, equipped with electret filters, are generally used to remove particulate matter. Electret filters capture particulate matter effectively because of the strong electrostatic attraction between particles and the charged fiber at low pressure drop [11–18]. In particular, air purifiers are often used in hospitals to provide clean environments for patients. Hand sanitizers and skin disinfectants are frequently used to reduce infection with germs, which contain isopropyl alcohol (IPA), one of the most widely used organic solvents [19, 20]. However, IPA can negatively influence patients because it is highly volatile and can cause a variety of symptoms such as headache, dizziness, vomiting, nausea, and coma [21, 22]. Mar et al. [23] reported that the IPA concentration in the exhaled air of a hospital patient was approximately 2.5 times higher than that of the average person [23]. Furthermore, IPA negatively affects the filtration performance of an electret filter in an air purifier. Kim et al. reported a reduction in collection efficiency in an electrospun meta-aramid filter when exposed to IPA droplets [24]. It is well known that the decrease in collection efficiency is caused by electrostatic charge degradation [24–26].
Many researchers have attempted to elucidate the charge decay mechanism when an electret filtration system undergoes organic solvent exposure [27–29]. Rychkov et al. [27] reported that the charge decay of the electret filter could be attributed to internal charge collapse due to external ion deposition and masking. Biermann et al. [28] found that conductive solvents create conductive pathways around the fibers. Cantaluobe et al. [29] suggested that the charge decay was not the masking phenomenon on the fiber surface caused by the dipoles of the organic solvent, but that the charge collapse occurred because of the movement of the charge itself. Hence, despite various attempts, the charge decay mechanism of the electret filter remains uncertain. However, once charge degradation by IPA exposure occurs (due to the charge movements, or recombination, as suggested by Cantaloube et al. [29]), an electret filter with a high surface charge density may take a longer time to be neutralized than that with a low surface charge density (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1
Schematic illustration of a charge decay mechanism as suggested by Cantaloube et al. [29]
/upload/thumbnails/eer-2021-523f1.gif
To determine the relationship between the surface charge density and tolerance to an organic solvent, electret filters with different surface charge densities were prepared, and the challenge amount was quantitatively investigated in this study.
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Materials
The filtration performance of an electret filter is highly dependent on its physical structure and electrical properties. The filter thickness and fiber diameter were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM-5900, JEOL). The average fiber diameter was obtained by measuring more than 200 fibers using SEM image in Fig. S1. The filter ******packing density*****, *****α***** was determined by the relationship between the mass of a filter, Wf, the density of the fiber, ρf, and the volume of the filter, V, as shown in Eq. (1).
https://www.eeer.org/journal/view.php?number=1372

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/dust-holdin...
A reduction in the fiber diameter increases the fiber surface area but also proportionately increases the pressure drop. Selection of the fiber size and control of the packing density are two critical factors for meeting the requirements of the FE, the dust holding capacity (DHC), and the pressure drop of filter media.

http://pierrecolin.gervais.free.fr/Talks/F1.pdf
gamme de compacié et d'epaisseur de filtres diférentes
Avec Yi la fraction massique de fibre de diamètre di. *****α*****, *****la compacité**** et Z l'épaisseur.

la performance des systèmes munis de filtres HEPA dépendrait de divers facteurs, tels que :
la nature de la couche filtrante (composition, porosité, maillage, épaisseur, compacité, résistance mécanique et chimique);
https://www.inspq.qc.ca/sites/default/files/publications/254...

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 3 hrs (2022-11-10 13:30:49 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

Désolé pour l'extrait du 2e lien : aller directement à la partie où l'on a ******packing density*****

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 4 hrs (2022-11-10 14:03:58 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

α = alpha.

Cyril Tollari
France
Local time: 18:51
Works in field
Native speaker of: Native in FrenchFrench
PRO pts in category: 50

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
agree  Bourth: See Discussion box
58 mins
  -> Merci !
Login to enter a peer comment (or grade)

9 hrs   confidence: Answerer confidence 5/5 peer agreement (net): -1
densité de tassement


Explanation:
La traductrice a raison !

Comme le montre la spectroscopie XPS, les gradients de monocouches auto-assemblés produits de cette manière présentent une densité de tassement élevée.
As demonstrated by XPS, the self: assembled monolayer gradients produced in this way display a high packing density.
:
Le matériau filtrant est constitué de papier ou d'un matelas de fibre de verre à forte densité de tassement.
The filter medium consists of paper or matted glass fibre with a high packing density
:
Voile soufflé par fusion constitué de fibres présentant une distribution étroite de grosseur de fibre et une faible densité de tassement.
A meltdown web is composed of fibers having a narrow fiber size distribution and low packing density.
:
Le matériau filtrant est constitué de papier ou d'un matelas de fibre de verre à forte densité de tassement.
The filter medium consists of paper or matted glass fibre with a high packing density.
https://context.reverso.net/übersetzung/franzosisch-englisch...

Au moyen de cette structure, la densité de tassement est augmentée.
With this structure, the packing densityis enhanced.
https://fr.techdico.com/traduction/francais-anglais/densité ...

densité de tassement en anglais
En anglais densité de tassement signifie : packing density (nous avons trouvé des traductions 1). Il y a au moins 217 exemples de phrases avec densité de tassement . Entre autres : La densité de tassement du lit est comprise entre 0,2 et 0,8. ↔ The packing density of the bed is between 0.2 and 0.8. .
https://fr.glosbe.com/fr/en/densité de tassement

la première section de couche filtrante (111) présentant une première densité de tassement de fibres ;
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3231497B1/fr
wherein the first filter layer section (111) features a first packing density of fibers;
https://patents.google.com/patent/EP3231497B1/en

4.4 On fabrique les cigarettes à l’aide d’une rouleuse (par exemple, la « Matinee Filter Master », ou l’équivalent) qui permet d’introduire 900 ± 10 mg de tabac conditionné dans un tube à cigarette et d’obtenir une densité de tassement uniforme.
https://healthycanadians.gc.ca/fr/open-information/tobacco/t...

Filtre de purification de gaz d'échappement comprenant un corps poreux de métal obtenu par tassement et fixation de fibres de métal ayant un diamètre moyen de fibres de 5 à 40 µm ou de fibres céramiques ayant un diamètre moyen de fibres de 1 à 40 µm dans un état dispersé dans des pores d'un corps poreux de structure alvéolaire constitué d'un métal résistant à la chaleur de telle sorte que la densité de tassement dudit corps poreux de métal est de 5 à 20 %
https://www.mysciencework.com/patent/show/exhaust-gas-purifi...

Aussi terme de compression à ne pas confondre :

Fiche 86
packing density
OBS --bulk density of a granular material when packed in a receptacle under specified conditions.
densité de tassement
OBS --densité apparente (terme usuel, mais incorrect et correspondant à la masse volumique apparente) d'une matière granulaire tassée dans un récipient dans des conditions spécifiées.
https://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tpv2alpha/alpha-fra.html?l...

Johannes Gleim
Local time: 18:51
Specializes in field
Native speaker of: German
PRO pts in category: 114

Peer comments on this answer (and responses from the answerer)
disagree  Daryo: as you own references confirm it "tassement" is fine when it's about compacting some granular material. Air filters work in a different way.
39 mins
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